几年前,当我在谢菲尔德大学(University of Sheffield)开始我的终身工作时,我的首次倡议是为学生(本科生和研究生)和学术人员开始解决问题的研讨会。我必须承认,当我提出设置这些会议的想法时,我有点担心(全面披露:几个月后!):我是一个新的未经测试的雇员,没有明显的相关证书(我从未参加过数学竞赛超越地方一级的比赛),对我的资历非常明显。尽管如此,我还是得到了更多高级同事的支持,其中一些人经历了娱乐性数学问题解决者:他们不仅经常参加我们的会议,而且他们还让我决定我想追求的目标,让我设计我对这些目标做出贡献的活动。
当然,在我看来,“他们”通常是一个无面的权威。我永远无法匹配的具有固有的数学才能和照明速度直觉的人。一世t wasn’t until I started working with Stephen Gustafson for my PhD that I realized that if those, very experienced and technically-skilled mathematicians, cared to share their insights and way of approaching problems (as he did), I could also start thinking like them. At first, you perhaps start by blindly applying to your own work their principles and rules-of-thumb, even if you haven’t fully internalized them or appreciated their significance in your context. Practice, and regular reflection, will eventually help you master it.
这就是为什么我希望学生看到经验丰富的数学家处理具有挑战性的问题,剥夺了大多数背景,并见证了他们的思维过程。我设定的问题通常足以使专业的数学家陷入困境。我将是第一个承认我无法解决的问题,还有许多其他人需要大量时间,努力和横向思考,然后才能发挥作用。我希望PSS还可以作为研究培训。在研究中,我们通常不知道如何开始或哪些工具有用。那一个人可以做什么?您可以尝试小型案例,也可以通过稍微更改问题来实验,例如,删除或添加假设,使用“更好”的功能,而不是“允许”,或者您可以扩大可允许解决方案的空间。而且我发现应该始终在寻找图案的地方。为什么?因为当我发现模式或进行一些观察时,通常会(自然地)提出主张和猜想。 But that’s great news! This is something tangible I can try to prove (or disprove). It is unlikely (at least for me) that one will simply look at the problem and know immediately how to go about it.
这个问题的困难部分是提出正确的主张来试图证明。然后实际证明该主张是技术和良好的簿记问题。一世f you haven’t solved the problem, and I tell you that I claim (and then go about proving it) that the answer is “all the integers with no 0’s in their usual base-10 expansion”, you have every right to feel that the claim came out of the sky, and perhaps question your ability to ever do good mathematics. This is a prime example of a problem that invites investigation (and exactly why I picked it).
在编写有关此类问题的解决方案时,我的目标是阐明思维过程,而不是像您在教科书中看到的那样提出线性博览会。So I don’t hesitate to take a nonlinear path, sharing my thoughts along the way, showing dead-ends, adding remarks that explain the state of my insight into the problem, but also how my intuition is strengthened and my insight deepened as I experiment, calculate, and develop small-scale plans. And again, isn’t this how we do research? In my opinion that’s not only an appropriate approach but also a desirable one. To quote Steven Krantz (from “How to Teach Mathematics”, 1999, AMS)“……我们(从特定到一般)而不是演绎(从一般到特定)进行归纳学习。演绎模型非常适合录制数学,但对于发现数学并不适用……”。
One of the hardest aspects in organizing this activity was striking a good balance: and trying to be more inclusive, trying to adjust the level of the problems so that students don’t get totally discouraged, but at the same time making them hard enough for students to think outside the box, embrace new techniques and the “investigation-first” attitude that I am hoping to promote; and to also build resilience in the face of challenge. I don’t claim to have found an algorithm for selecting good problems, and I am sure some keen students have been occasionally discouraged despite my best intentions. Other than managing expectations and working towards a supportive environment where “failing” is seen as a necessary (and expected) step of the process, I have tried to adapt too: I have been starting the sessions off with quick, “warm-up” problems, still not trivial, that everyone has a chance to solve. (Groups of) students work independently, so nobody will notice if you spend the whole session working on the “warm-up problem”. Note to self: stop calling it a “warm-up” problem?
对我来说,“焦虑”的另一个来源来自涉及的工作量。在过去的三年中,我为解决问题的会议输入了300多页。我从各种来源编辑了“理论”(证明方法,特定的问题解决策略和技巧),我创建了大约40个讲义,并且为每个问题写了非常详细的解决方案。那需要什么?首先,我确定要讨论的主题,并研究我的来源,以激励方法和示例。在查看官方解决方案之前,我总是自己解决问题,这意味着我可以(非常)卡住,而且我经常不得不丢弃问题(也许是因为有一个非常具体的技巧,或者您需要知道一个相当深奥的结果)。然后我输入所有内容。Looking back I usually need 10-15 hours of preparation for a single problem solving session, and so far I haven’t been able to recycle work from previous years — I think that I will eventually try for a 4-year cycle and hope that my colleagues won’t mind seeing some of the same problems every 4 years!
几年前,当我在谢菲尔德大学(University of Sheffield)开始我的终身工作时,我的首次倡议是为学生(本科生和研究生)和学术人员开始解决问题的研讨会。我必须承认,当我提出设置这些会议的想法时,我有点担心(全面披露:几个月后!):我是一个新的未经测试的雇员,没有明显的相关证书(我从未参加过数学竞赛超越地方一级的比赛),对我的资历非常明显。尽管如此,我还是得到了更多高级同事的支持,其中一些人经历了娱乐性数学问题解决者:他们不仅经常参加我们的会议,而且他们还让我决定我想追求的目标,让我设计我对这些目标做出贡献的活动。
您可能想知道Lamar是如何发生的。让我带您回到三月份的一个寒冷的春天,在基于证明的线性代数课程中。几年前,当我第一次看到这种材料时,我花了很多时间才能理解标量2和执行矩阵代数时缩放2的身份矩阵之间的差异。一世n my current Linear Algebra class, this difference is emphasized through the eyes of Lamar as he tries to prove that a square matrix A is invertible if A^2 – 2A + I = 0. Once Lamar’s name leaves my mouth, students become more alert as they watch for the inevitable misstep that Lamar will make. Indeed, for the example mentioned above, Lamar finds that the inverse of A is given by 2-A. The identification of his misstep leads to a fruitful discussion on Matrix Algebra and I mentally pat myself on the back for what I think is a job well done.